1961, from J.L.H. Down (1828-1896), English physician; chosen as a less racist name for the condition than earlier mongolism.[Down's Syndrome etymology, Down's Syndrome origin, 英语词源]
in reference to the genetic defect causing mental retardation (mongolism), 1899, from Mongoloid. So called for facial appearance. See Down's Syndrome. Such people were called Mongolian from 1866.