词根：clud, clus(clos, clois, claus, clot) = to shut（关闭）

  clud,clus是同源异形根，来源于拉丁动词claudere意为to shut（关闭）。clud来自不定式词干claud,常见于英语动词；clus 来自动名词词干claus,多见于相应的名词和形容词。clos,clois,claus,clot 是它们的变形。

同源词：

1. conclusive（一起关闭的 con<com(=together) + clus(=shut) + -ive）
  adj.决定性的；确凿的；最终的
  conclude v.下结论
  conclusion （conclude 的对应名词：conclus = to conclude 结束，决定；-ion n. = the act or result 表示行为或结果 --> " the act result of concluding 结束，决定的行为或结果" -->）n.结论
  conclusively adv.决定性地，最终地
  The investigator presented conclusive evidence that the criminial was guilty.  那位调查员出示了确凿的证据，证明那个犯人有罪。

2. preclude（事先关上、关押起来pre(=before) + clud(=shut)）(pre预先,提前+clud关闭+e→提前关闭→阻止)
  vt. 阻止，妨碍；排除；防止
  preclusion n.排除；妨碍；防止
  preclusive adj.排除的；妨碍的；防止的
  Some medical conditions preclude getting facial cosmetic surgery. 某些医疗条件妨碍脸部整形手术的进行。

3. recluse（不露面，躲在里面过着封闭的生活 re(=back) + clus(=shut)）
  n.脱离世俗的人；隐遁者
  adj.脱离世俗的，隐遁的
  My aunt is agoraphobic and something of a recluse. 我姑姑有广场恐惧症，活得像个隐士。

4. seclusion（脱离，过着封闭的生活se(=away) + clus(=shut)）
  n.隔绝；隐退，隐遁
  seclude v.隔绝；使隐退 (se分开+clud关闭+e→分开关→隐居的)
  secluded adj.隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的
  She went into seclusion after the traffic death of her toddler. 自从她那蹒跚学步的孩子死于车祸后，她便过起了隐居的生活。

5. exclude （ex-(=out 外) + clud(=to shut关闭) + -e --> " to shut out 关在外面 " ）
  v.拒绝（接纳）；排斥；排除（可能性）*ex(=out)
  exclusion n.拒绝；排除
  exclude all possibility of doubt 排除一切怀疑的可能性

6. exclusive
  adj.排除的，除外的；孤傲的；（集团、团体）排他的；（商品）独家经营的；独占的，唯一的 *ex(=out)
  exclusively adv.专有地；排他地；独占地
  exclusive economic zone 专属经济区（缩写：EEZ）
  exclusive right 专有权

7. include （in- (= in 内) + clud (= to shut 关闭) + -e -->" to shut in 关闭在内 " -->）
  v.包含，算入 *in(=in)
  inclusion n.包含，算入
  This atlas contains fifty maps,including six of North America. 这本地图册共由50幅地图组成，其中包含6张北美地图。
  postage included 包含邮资

8. including
  prep. 包含，包括 *in(=in)
  There are seven of us including myself. 把我算在内共有7个人。

9. inclusive
  adj. (~of)包括的，包含的
  inclusively adv.包括地，在内地
  five inclusive of the driver 包括司机共5个人

10. disclose (dis分开,打开+clos关闭+e→把关的打开→揭发)
  v.揭露，暴露，揭开，透露；分开 *dis(=not)
  refuse to diclose one's name and address 拒绝透露姓名和地址

11. disclosure
  n.暴露，透露；公开；被揭发的事 *dis(=not)

12. enclose (en进入+clos关闭+e→被关起来→包围)
  v.围绕，（用围墙或栅栏等）围起来；封（信）；放入（纸袋、包裹），封入 *en(=in)
  A check for 50 dollars is enclosed. 附上一张50美元的支票。
  Enclosed please find a check for 50 dollars .  请收下附上的50美元支票。

13. enclosure
  n.围绕；围栏；（特指随信一起）封入；封入之物
  enclosure of common land 用围栏圈起一块公有土地

14. close (close=clos关闭→靠拢→近的→接近)
  v.闭（眼）；关（门、窗等）；收起（伞）；合上（书）；封闭（通道、入口、小孔）；关闭（店铺等）；结束，终止；商定（交易）；靠拢，密集
  n.（期限的）结束，（活动等的）终止；（四周围住的）场地；院子；死胡同
  adj.（空间、时间上）接近的；（关系）密切的，亲密的；（在比赛中）势均力敌的，差异微小的；密集的；缜密的，周密的；吝啬的；（天气）闹热的；（房间等）通风不畅的，（空气）污浊的；隐藏的，非公开的
  adv.接近地；紧密地；紧紧地
  close a deal 成交
  close call/thing/shave 侥幸脱险
  close cut 捷径
  close friend 密友
  close relatives 近亲
  close election/contest/match /finish 势均力敌的选举/竞争/比赛/结局
  You are very close. 你已经接近正确答案了。
  in close order 以密集队形

15. closed
  adj.关闭的，密闭的，密封的；非公开的；排他性的
  Closed today. 今日停业
  closed-door 秘密的，非分开的 <-->open-door 公开的
  closed primary 仅由一个政党的成员参加的预选

16. closing
  adj.结尾的，结束的；闭会的 n.密封，封闭；终结，结束；结算
  closing date 截止时间
  closing address 闭幕词

17. closeness
  n.接近；密集；亲密
  the closeness of a resemblance 非常想像

18. closely
  adv.密集地，紧紧地；接近地；精密地；精密地
  listen closely 倾听
  closely contested election 势均力敌的选举

19. closure (clos关闭+ure表名词→close的名词)
  n.结束；终止；封闭；关闭
  pit closures 闭坑

20. closet (clos关闭+et小东西→关的小东西→壁橱)
  n. 壁橱；（旧用法）私室；书斋；厕所 adj.私人的；空谈的；关起门来的；秘密的
  v.把...引进私室密谈 *et(=small)
  closet thinker/strategist 纸上谈兵的空想家/战略家
  closet theory 空谈理论
  He was closeted with his advisor for two hours. 他和他的导师密谈了两小时。

21. cloture
  n.结束；截止 v.结束辩论 *clot<clos(=shut)

22. cloister
  n.修道院；（修道院、大教堂等的后院围成四角形的）有房顶的回廊；（the ~）隐居生活
  v.使居于修道院中 *clois<clos(=shut)
  live a cloistered life 过修道院的隐居生活

23. clause
  n.（合约、法律文书等的）条目，条款；[语]从句
  penal clause 处罚条款
  clause by clause 逐条地
  subordinate clause 从句

24. claustrophobia
  n.幽闭恐怖（症） *phob(=fear)

25. mare clausum
  n.领海（<-->mare liberum 公海） *mar(=sea)

26. occlude (oc一再+clude=clud关闭→一再关起来不畅通→堵塞)
  v.闭塞,堵塞

词根：test = witness（证据）

 来自拉丁语的testis意为 witness。

同源词：

1. detest（在眼前看到脱离正常的事物 de(=from) + test(=witness)
  vt. 厌恶，憎恶
  detestation n.厌恶，憎恶
  detestable adj.令人厌恶的
  Many children detest the taste of Brussels sprouts. 许多小孩子都讨厌芽甘蓝的味道。

2. attest
  v.证明，证实，是...的证据；（使）发誓 *at<ad(=to)
  attest a signature 证明签名是真的
  fests which attest to his strength of will 可证明他坚强意志的功绩

3. contest
  n.竞争，竞赛；争论，论战，争辩 v.竞赛，争夺，竞争；争辩 *con<com(=together)
  contestant n.竞争对手，竞争者
  beauty / musical /speech contest 选美比赛/音乐比赛/演讲比赛
  three-round featherweight contest （拳击）三轮的次轻量级选手比赛

4. intestate
  adj.未留遗嘱的 *in(=not)
  die intestate 死时未留遗嘱

5. pretest
  n.预备考试 *pre(=before)

6. protest
  v.抗议，提出异议；断言，主张 n.抗议，异议；主张 *pro(=forth,forward)
  protest movement 抗议运动
  protest march 抗议游行

7. protestation
  n.断言，声明，主张 *pro(=forth,forward)
  protestations of innocence /friendship 声明无罪/友好宣言

8. protestant
  adj. 新教的，新教徒的 n.新教徒
  protestantism n.新教，新教教义
  Protestant Reformation 新教改革

9. testament
  n.遗嘱；（T~）（基督教的）圣约书（Old/New Testament）
  testamentary adj.遗嘱的，据遗嘱的

10. testamur
  n.（英国大学）考试及格证书
  testate
  adj./n. 留有遗嘱的（人）
  testator n.立遗嘱者
  testatix n.女遗嘱人

11. testicle
  n.(pl.)睾丸  *cle(=small)

12. testify
  v.作证，证实，是...的证据，证明 *ify(=make)

13. testimonial
  n.（能力、资格等的）证明书，推荐信；感谢信，表扬信；奖状，纪念品

14. testimony
  n.[律]证词；（信仰等的）声明
  give false testimony 作伪证
  His poverty is a testimony to his innocence. 他的穷困证明他是清白的。

15. test
  n.正文；原文（被编织的）

16. textile
  adj.织物的 n.织物（的原料）

17. textual
  adj. 本文的；原文的

18. texture
  n.质地；组织；构造

19. textural
  adj.质地的；组织上的

20. context
  n.上下文；某事的前后关联（使和本文在一起的）《con- = together》

21. contextual
  adj.上下文的；依前后关系的

22. contexture
  n.组织；构造（共同织成）

23. subtle
  adj.阴险的；微妙的；敏锐的（织法的精细）《sub- = beneath,closely》

24. pretext
  n.藉口（眼前所编的话）《pre- = before》

25. subtlety
  n.聪明；精微；阴险

26. tissue
  n.[生理]组织

词根词缀：coct-, cocto-

【来源及含义】Latin: to cook, to boil; to prepare; to digest

【相关词根词缀】Closely related to the coqu-, cocu- family of "to cook, to ripen" words.

【同源单词】coction, coctoantigen, coctoimmunogen, concoct, concocted, concocter

词根词缀：coqu-, cocu-, coc-

【来源及含义】Latin: to cook, to prepare food, to ripen, to digest, to turn over in the mind

【相关词根词缀】Closely related to the coct- family of words.

【同源单词】biscuit, cook, cooker, cookery, cuisine, kitchen

词根词缀：creat-

【来源及含义】Latin: to make, to produce, to bring forth

【相关描述】The words in this creat- unit are closely related to the cresc- unit.

【同源单词】concreate, create, created, creating, creation, creationism

词根词缀：cresc-, -cret, -crease

【来源及含义】Latin: to become greater or larger in amount or size, to grow, to multiply; to reproduce

【相关描述】The words in this cresc- unit are closely related to the creat- unit.

【同源单词】accretion, accretion disk, accretive, accrue, accrued, concrete

词根词缀：crim-, crimino-

【来源及含义】Latin: judicial decision, verdict; object of reproach, judgement; legal offense, fault, accusation

【相关描述】Closely related to the cern- family of "separated, set apart" words.

【同源单词】crime, crime victim, criminal, criminal, criminal anthropology, criminality

词根词缀：crud-

【来源及含义】Latin: raw, not cooked; literally, trickling with blood, bleeding; raw, bloody, cruel

【相关描述】The terms, cruelty and crudeness are closely linked etymologically. Cruel came via Old French cruel from Latin crudelis, a relative of Latin crudus; which actually meant "cruel" as well as "raw" and "bloody".

【同源单词】crude, crudely, crudeness, crudity, cruel, cruelly

词根词缀：inter-, intero-

【来源及含义】Latin: between; among, mutually, together; on the inside, internal

【相关描述】Although abstracted from the many compounds in which it entered English, the form inter- was not generally considered a living prefix in English until the 1400s.

During the later period of Middle English many words borrowed in the Old and Middle French forms entre-, enter- began to be consciously respelled with Latin inter-; although vestiges of the older French borrowings are found in entertain and enterprise.

The living prefix inter- is now freely added to almost any element in English to create such formations with the meaning of "between" and "among". The words formed by intra- are closely related to this inter- prefix; in fact, they both apparently came from the same Latin source.

【相关词根词缀】 Related "together" units: com-; greg-; struct-. Cross references of word families related directly, or indirectly, to: "internal organs, entrails, inside": ent-; enter-; fistul-; incret-; intra-; splanchn-; viscer-.

【同源单词】ad interim, anterointernal, Caput inter nubila condit, electrical interference, electron compound, inter canem et lupum

词根词缀：intra-

【来源及含义】Latin: within, inside, on the inside

【相关描述】Borrowed from late Latin intra-; closely related to inter-, "between". The use of intra- is largely a product of modern times, occurring in words of common and technical vocabulary, where once it was generally a term used in science and the academic world.

While some words are borrowings from Medieval and even Late Latin, few if any come from Classical Latin.

【相关词根词缀】Cross references of word families related directly, or indirectly, to: "internal organs, entrails, inside": ent-; enter-; fistul-; incret-; inter-; splanchn-; viscer-.

【同源单词】Ab intra, abdominohysterotomy, Discere si cupias intra, endopelvic, international, intra muros