词根：stern(stren) = rigid（严格的；僵硬的；（规则、方法

  来自拉丁语的stern 意为 rigid,它的变形为stren。stern 也有chest,breast 的意思，但此种用法不多见。

同源词：

1. consternation（身体完全变硬 con<com(=intensive) + stern(=rigid)）
  n.吃惊，惊愕；惊惶失措
  Imagine my consternation at seeing three hoods with guns approaching me. 想像一下，当看到三个强盗持枪向我走来时我是多么惊惶失措。

2. stern
  adj.严格的；苛刻的，严厉的；坚定的 n.船尾
  sternly adv. 严格地
  sternness n.严格
  stern treatment /rebukes 严厉的对待/严厉的指责
  stern taskmaster /face 严厉的工头/板着的面孔
  stern looks 严厉的表情

3. sternum
  n.胸骨 *stern (=breast,chest)

4. strenuous
  adj.奋发的；艰苦的 *stren<stern(=rigid)
  make strenuous efforts 竭尽全力
  strenuous work 艰苦的工作
  strenuous workers 勤奋的工人
  lead a strenuous life 生活艰苦

前缀：a-

1、无、不、非

acentric 无中心的

asocial 不好社交的

atypical 非典型的

asymmetry 不对称

adynamic 无力的

aperiodic 非周期的

amoral 非道德性的

asexual 无性别的

apolitical 不关心政治的

ahistorical 与历史无关的

2、含有in,on,at,by,with,to,of等意义

asleep 在熟睡中

aside 在一边

abed 在床上

ashore 向岸上，在岸上

afield 在田里，在野外

aground 在地面上，搁浅

ahead 向前，在前头

abreast 肩并肩地

afoot 徒步

atop 在顶上

afire 在燃烧中

aback 向后

3、加强意义

aloud 高声地

awake 唤醒，使醒

await 等待

arise 起来，升起

afar 遥远地

aright 正确地

aweary 疲倦的，厌倦的

ashamed 羞耻的

alike 相同的（地）

awash 被浪潮冲打的

词根词缀：doul-, dulo-, dul-

【来源及含义】Greek: slave, servile, slavish; servitude; serving

【相关描述】A doula supports a woman and her family in achieving the kind of birth that they desire. A doula works in homes, hospitals, and birth centers; and gives, emotional, physical, and informational support. A careprovider, be he/she a midwife, OB/gyn, or family practitioner, will take care of a woman's prenatal care and birth. A doula is supposed to ensure that someone is always available to look after the mother-to-be emotionally. These objectives are facilitated by communication between the laboring woman, her partner, and her clinical care providers.

As a supportive companion (other than a friend or loved one) a doula is professionally trained to provide birth-labor support. She performs no clinical tasks. A doula also refers to lay women who are trained or experienced in providing postpartum care—mother and newborn care, breastfeeding support and advice, cooking, child care, errands, and light cleaning—for the family. To distinguish between the two types of doulas, one may refer to "birth doulas" and "postpartum doulas".

【同源单词】doule, doulios, doulos, dulia, dulocracy, hierodule

词根词缀：mammill-, mammilli-

【来源及含义】Greek > Latin: breast, nipple

【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related, partially or totally, to: "breast, breasts, chest": mammo-; masto-; mastoido-; mazo-; pectoro-; pleuro-; sterno-; stetho-; thorac-.

【同源单词】mammilla, mammillary, mammillate, mammillated, mammillation, mammilliform

词根词缀：mammo-, mamm-, mammi-

【来源及含义】Greek Latin: breast

【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related, partially or totally, to: "breast, breasts, chest": mammill-; masto-; mastoido-; mazo-; pectoro-; pleuro-; sterno-; stetho-; thorac-.

【同源单词】mamma, mammal, Mammalia, mammalogy, mammaplasty, mammary

词根词缀：masto-, mast-, -mastia, -masty

【来源及含义】Greek: breast; the front of the human chest and either of two soft rounded organs on each side of the chest in women and men; however, with women the organs are more prominent and produce milk after childbirth; also, a milk-producing gland in mammals that corresponds to the human breast

【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related, partially or totally, to: "breast, breasts, chest": mammill-; mammo-; mastoido-; mazo-; pectoro-; pleuro-; sterno-; stetho-; thorac-.

【同源单词】acromastitis, amastia, anisogynecomastia, anisomastia, bimastism, double mastectomy

词根词缀：mastoido-, mastoid-

【来源及含义】Greek: breast; used in the specialized sense as "of or pertaining to the breast-shaped mastoid process of the temporal bone

【同源单词】atlantomastoid, cleidomastoid, mastoid, mastoid angle, mastoid process, mastoidal

词根词缀：mazo-, -mazia

【来源及含义】Greek: breast

【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related, partially or totally, to: "breast, breasts, chest": mammill-; mammo-; masto-; mastoido-; pectoro-; pleuro-; sterno-; stetho-; thorac-.

【同源单词】Amazon, gynecomazia, mastoplasia, mazodynia, mazologist, mazology

词根词缀：papillo-, papill-, papilli-

【来源及含义】Latin: nipple; nipple-shaped elevation or growth

【同源单词】human papilloma viruses, juxtapapillary, myxopapilloma, papilla, papilla of the breast, papillary

词根词缀：pectoro-, pector-

【来源及含义】Latin: breast, chest

【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related, partially or totally, to: "breast, breasts, chest": mammill-; mammo-; masto-; mastoido-; mazo-; pleuro-; sterno-; stetho-; thorac-.

【同源单词】Ab imo pectore, angina pectoris, expectorant, expectorate, expectoration, expectorative