英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

respect [respect 词源字典]: respect: [14] Respect and respite [13] are ultimately the same word. Both go back to respectus, the past participle of Latin respicere ‘look back at’, hence ‘look at, regard, consider’. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix re- ‘back’ and specere ‘look’ (source of English spectacle, speculate, etc). Respectus passed into English, perhaps via Old French respect, as respect, in the sense ‘regard, relation’ (as in with respect to); the key modern meaning ‘deference, esteem’ developed towards the end of the 16th century.

An earlier borrowing of respectus into Old French produced respit, which preserved another meaning of the Latin word, ‘refuge’. This was the source of English respite.
=> inspect, respite, spectacle, spectator[respect etymology, respect origin, 英语词源]
spectacle: spectacle: [14] Spectacle is one of a large family of English words that go back ultimately to Latin specere ‘look’ (a descendant of the Indo- European base *spek- ‘look’, of which a reversed Greek version *skep- gave English sceptic and scope). Others include special, species, spectator [16], spectre [17] (etymologically an ‘appearance’ or ‘image’), spectrum [17] (from Latin spectrum ‘appearance’, ultimate source also of spectre, and first used for the ‘band of colours’ by Isaac Newton around 1671), speculate [16], spite, and spy, not to mention prefixed forms such as aspect [14], auspice, conspicuous [16], espionage, expect, frontispiece, inspect [17], respect, and suspect. Spectacle itself comes via Old French spectacle from the Latin derivative spectāculum ‘show, sight’.

The application to a ‘device for seeing with’, which lies behind English spectacles [15] and its abbreviation specs [19], is a post-Latin development.
=> auspice, conspicuous, espionage, expect, frontispiece, inspect, respect, special, species, suspect
suspect: suspect: [14] Latin suspicere originally meant literally ‘look up at’ (it was a compound verb formed from the prefix sub- ‘up from under’ and specere ‘look at’, source of English spectator, spy, etc). It evolved metaphorically along two lines: ‘look up to, admire’, which has since died out, and ‘look at secretly’, hence ‘look at distrustfully’, which has passed into English in the form of its past participial stem suspect-. Suspicion [14] comes from the medieval Latin derivative suspectiō.
=> expect, inspect, spectator, spy, suspicion
aspect (n.): late 14c., an astrological term, "relative position of the planets as they appear from earth" (i.e., how they "look at" one another); later also "way of viewing things," from Latin aspectus "a seeing, looking at, sight, view, countenance, appearance," from past participle of aspicere "to look at," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + specere "to look" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning "the look one wears, the appearance of things" attested by early 15c.
bespectacled (adj.): 1742, past participle adjective from be- + spectacles.
circumspect (adj.): early 15c., from Latin circumspectus "deliberate, guarded, well-considered," past participle of circumspicere "look around, take heed," from circum- "around" (see circum-) + specere "to look" (see scope (n.1)). Related: Circumspectly; circumspectness.
circumspection (n.): late 14c., "careful observation of one's surroundings," from Old French circumspection (Modern French circonspection), from Latin circumspectionem (nominative circumspectio) "a looking around; foresight, caution," noun of action from past participle stem of circumspicere "to look around" (see circumspect).
conspectus (n.): 1836, from Latin conspectus "a looking at, sight, view; range or power of vision," from past participle of conspicere "to look at" (see conspicuous).
disrespect: 1610s (v.), 1630s (n.), from dis- + respect. Related: Disrespected; disrespecting.
disrespectful (adj.): 1670s; see dis- + respectful. Related: Disrespectfully.
extraspection (n.): "outward observation," 1887, from extra- + ending from introspection.
inspect (v.): 1620s, from Latin inspectus, past participle of inspicere "to look into" (see inspection). Related: Inspected; inspecting.
inspection (n.): late 14c., from Old French inspeccion "inspection, examination" (13c.), from Latin inspectionem (nominative inspectio) "a looking into," noun of action from past participle stem of inspicere "look into, inspect, examine," from in- "into" (see in- (2)) + specere "to look" (see scope (n.1)).
inspector (n.): c. 1600, "overseer, superintendent," from Latin inspector, agent noun from past participle stem of inspicere (see inspection). As a police ranking between sergeant and superintendent, it dates from 1840. Related: Inspectorial. Of the 18c. feminine formations, inspectrix (1715) is earlier than inspectress (1785).
introspect (v.): 1680s, from Latin introspectus, past participle of introspicere "look at, look into" (see introspection). Related: Introspected; introspecting.
introspection (n.): 1670s, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin introspicere "to look into, look at," from intro- "inward" (see intro-) + specere "to look at" (see scope (n.1)).
introspective (adj.): 1820, from Latin introspect-, past participle stem of introspicere (see introspection) + -ive.
irrespective (adj.): 1620s (implied in irrespectively), "disrespectful," from assimilated form of in- (1) "not, opposite of" + respective. Meaning "without taking account of (something)" is from 1690s. Main modern use is adverbial ("irrespective of"), attested from 1839.
perspective (n.): late 14c., "science of optics," from Old French perspective and directly from Medieval Latin perspectiva ars "science of optics," from fem. of perspectivus "of sight, optical" from Latin perspectus "clearly perceived," past participle of perspicere "inspect, look through, look closely at," from per- "through" (see per) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Sense of "art of drawing objects so as to give appearance of distance or depth" is first found 1590s, influenced by Italian prospettiva, an artists' term. The figurative meaning "mental outlook over time" is first recorded 1762.
prospect (n.): early 15c., "act of looking into the distance," from Latin prospectus "distant view, look out; sight, faculty of sight," noun use of past participle of prospicere "look out on, look forward," from pro- "forward" (see pro-) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning "extensive view of the landscape" is from 1530s; transferred sense of "mental view or survey" is from 1620s. Sense of "person or thing considered promising" is from 1922. Prospects "expectations, things looked forward to" is from 1660s.
prospect (v.): "explore for gold, examine land with a view to a mining claim," 1841, from prospect (n.) in specialized sense of "spot giving prospects of ore" (1832). Earlier in a sense "look forth, look out over" (1550s), from Latin prospectare. Related: Prospected; prospecting.
prospective (adj.): 1580s, from obsolete French prospectif and directly from Medieval Latin prospectivus "affording a prospect; pertaining to a prospect," from Latin prospect-, past participle stem of prospicere (see prospect (n.)). In 17c. also as a noun, "spy glass, telescope." Related: Prospectively.
prospector (n.): also prospecter, 1846 in the mining sense; agent noun from prospect (v.).
prospectus (n.): 1765, from French prospectus (1723) and directly from Latin prospectus "view" (see prospect (n.)).
respect (n.): late 14c., "relationship, relation; regard, consideration," from Old French respect and directly from Latin respectus "regard, a looking at," literally "act of looking back (or often) at one," noun use of past participle of respicere "look back at, regard, consider," from re- "back" (see re-) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Meanings "feeling of esteem excited by actions or attributes of someone or something; courteous or considerate treatment due to personal worth or power" are from 1580s, as is sense of "point, particular feature."
respect (v.): 1540s, "to regard," from Middle French respecter "look back; respect; delay," from Latin respectere, frequentative of respicere (see respect (n.). Meaning "treat with deferential regard or esteem" is from 1550s. Sense of "refrain from injuring" is from 1620s. Meaning "have reference to" is from 1560s. Related: Respected; respecting.

To respect the person was "show undue bias toward (or against) based on regard for the outward circumstances of a person;" hence respecter of persons, usually with negative, from Acts x:34, in the 1611 translation.
respectability (n.): 1785, from respectable + -ity.
respectable (adj.): "worthy of esteem," 1580s; see respect (v.) + -able. Sense of "having an honest reputation" is from 1755. That of "occupying a fairly good position in society" is c. 1800. Related: Respectably.
respectful (adj.): 1580s, "characterized by respect" (implied in respectfully), from respect (n.) + -ful. Meaning "full of outward civility" attested from 1680s. Related: Respectfulness.
respective (adj.): mid-15c., "regardful, observing or noting with attention," from Medieval Latin respectivus "having regard for," from Latin respect- past participle stem of respicere (see respect (n.)). Meaning "relating or pertaining severally each to each" is from 1640s.
respectively (adv.): mid-15c., "relatively;" 1620s, "relatively to each singly," from respective + -ly (2).
respects (n.): "expressions or signs of esteem, deference, or compliment," 1610s; see respect (n.). Earlier (late 14c.) as "aspects, particular respects."
retrospect (n.): c. 1600, "a regard or reference" (to something), from Latin retrospectum, past participle of retrospicere "look back," from retro- "back" (see retro-) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning "survey of past events" is from 1660s.
retrospection (n.): 1630s, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin retrospicere (see retrospect).
retrospective (adj.): 1660s, from retrospect + -ive. As a noun, from 1964, short for retrospective exhibition (1908), etc. Related: Retrospectively.
self-respect (n.): also self respect, "proper regard for and care of the dignity of one's person," 1795, from self- + respect (n.). Related: Self-respecting.
spectacle (n.): mid-14c., "specially prepared or arranged display," from Old French spectacle "sight, spectacle, Roman games" (13c.), from Latin spectaculum "a public show, spectacle, place from which shows are seen," from spectare "to view, watch, behold," frequentative form of specere "to look at," from PIE *spek- "to observe" (see scope (n.1)).
spectacles (n.): "glass lenses to help a person's sight," early 15c., from plural of spectacle. Earlier in singular form (late 14c.).
spectacular (adj.): 1680s, from Latin spectaculum "a sight, show" (see spectacle) + -ar. As a noun, first attested 1890. Related: Spectacularly.
spectate (v.): "to attend (a sporting event, etc.) to watch, not participate," 1929, back-formation from spectator. Related: Spectated; spectating. Related: Spectation.
spectator (n.): 1580s, from Latin spectator "viewer, watcher," from past participle stem of spectare "to view, watch" (see spectacle). Spectator sport is attested from 1943. Related: Spectatorial. Fem. form spectatress (1630s) is less classically correct than spectatrix (1610s).
specter (n.): c. 1600, "frightening ghost," from French spectre "an image, figure, ghost" (16c.), from Latin spectrum "appearance, vision, apparition" (see spectrum). Figurative sense "object of dread" is from 1774.
spectral (adj.): 1718, "capable of seeing spectres;" 1815, "ghostly;" from spectre + -al (1). Meaning "pertaining to a spectrum" is 1832, from stem of spectrum + -al (1). Related: Spectrally.
spectre (n.): chiefly British English spelling of specter (q.v.); for spelling, see -re.
spectro-: word-forming element meaning "of or by a spectroscope," also "of radiant energy," from comb. form of spectrum.
spectrogram (n.): "photograph of a spectrum," 1890, from spectro- + -gram.
spectrograph (n.): 1876, from spectro- + -graph "instrument for recording; something written." Related: Spectrographic; spectrography.
spectrometer (n.): 1863, from German Spectrometer (Moritz Meyerstein, 1863); see spectro- + -meter.
spectroscope (n.): 1861, from spectro- + -scope. A Greek-Latin hybrid, both elements from the same PIE root. Related: Spectroscopic; spectroscopy.
spectrum (n.): 1610s, "apparition, specter," from Latin spectrum (plural spectra) "an appearance, image, apparition, specter," from specere "to look at, view" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning "visible band showing the successive colors, formed from a beam of light passed through a prism" first recorded 1670s. Figurative sense of "entire range (of something)" is from 1936.