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muscle [muscle 词源字典]: muscle: [16] Ultimately, muscle and mussel [OE] are the same word, and both owe their origin to a supposed resemblance to a mouse. They go back to Latin mūsculus, literally ‘little mouse’, a diminutive form of mūs ‘mouse’, which was applied to the shellfish because of a similarity in shape and colour, and to ‘muscle’ because the shape and movement of certain muscles beneath the skin, such as the biceps, reminded people of a mouse.

Latin mūsculus ‘mussel’ was borrowed into Old English as muscle or muxle; the -ssspelling began to emerge in the 15th century, inspired by Middle Low German mussel (which came from *muscula, a Vulgar Latin feminization of Latin mūsculus and source of French moule ‘mussel’) and reinforced in the 16th century by the introduction via Old French of muscle for ‘muscle’.

The notion of resemblance to a mouse also lies behind English musk.
=> mouse, mussel[muscle etymology, muscle origin, 英语词源]
shampoo: shampoo: [18] Hindi chāmpō means ‘press!’ It is an imperative form of chāmpnā ‘press’, or more specifically ‘knead the muscles’. The English in India took the word up in the 18th century as a verb meaning ‘massage’, but by the middle of the 19th century we find it being used in the accepted modern sense, ‘wash the hair’. The linking factor was presumably the vigorous massaging action typically applied to the scalp when shampooing the hair.
abdominals (n.): short for "abdominal muscles," attested by 1980; see abdominal.
adjustor (n.): 1857, of certain muscles, agent noun in Latin form from adjust (v.).
coordination (n.): also co-ordination, c. 1600, "orderly combination," from French coordination (14c.) or directly from Late Latin coordinationem (nominative coordinatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin coordinare "to set in order, arrange," from com- "together" (see com-) + ordinatio "arrangement," from ordo "order" (see order (n.)). Meaning "action of setting in order" is from 1640s; that of "harmonious adjustment or action," especially of muscles and bodily movements, is from 1855.
cramp (v.1): "to contract" (of muscles), early 15c., from cramp (n.1). Related: Cramped; cramping.
defibrillation (n.): 1940, in reference to heartbeat, from de- + fibrillation "a beating in an abnormal way," especially of the muscles of the heart that contract irregularly in this condition.
elevator (n.): 1640s, originally of muscles which raise a part of the body, from Latin elevator "one who raises up," agent noun from past participle stem of elevare (see elevate). As a name for a mechanical lift (originally for grain) attested from 1787. Elevator music is attested by 1963. Elevator as a lift for shoes is from 1940.
empathy (n.): 1908, modeled on German Einfühlung (from ein "in" + Fühlung "feeling"), which was coined 1858 by German philosopher Rudolf Lotze (1817-1881) as a translation of Greek empatheia "passion, state of emotion," from assimilated form of en "in" (see en- (2)) + pathos "feeling" (see pathos). A term from a theory of art appreciation that maintains appreciation depends on the viewer's ability to project his personality into the viewed object.
Not only do I see gravity and modesty and pride and courtesy and stateliness, but I feel or act them in the mind's muscles. This is, I suppose, a simple case of empathy, if we may coin that term as a rendering of Einfühlung; there is nothing curious or idiosyncratic about it; but it is a fact that must be mentioned. [Edward Bradford Titchener, "Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the Thought Processes," 1909]

... there is no doubt that the facts are new and that they justify their name: the art work is a thing of "empathy" (Titchener, Ward), of "fellow feeling" (Mitchell), of "inner sympathy" (Groos), of "sympathetic projection" (Urban), of "semblance of personality" (Baldwin), all terms suggested by different writers as renderings of the German Einfühlung. ["The American Yearbook," 1911]
erector (n.): 1530s, "one who builds," agent noun in Latin form from erect (v.). In reference to muscles from 1831. The children's buildig kit Erector (commonly known as an Erector set) was sold from 1913.
fibrillation (n.): 1842, "state of being fibrillar" (that is, "arranged in fibrils"), noun of action from fibrillate (v.). Especially "a quavering in the fibrils of the muscles of the heart" causing irregular beating (1882).
flex (v.): 1520s, "to bend," usually of muscles, probably a back-formation from flexible. Related: Flexed; flexing.
flexor (n.): 1610s, of muscles, Modern Latin, agent noun from stem of Latin flectere "to bend" (see flexible). Alternative form flector attested from 1660s (see flexion).
fontanelle (n.): also fontanel, 1540s, "hollow between two muscles," from French fontanelle (16c.), from Old French fontenele "small source, fountain, spring; fontanelle," diminutive of fontaine "spring" (see fountain), on analogy of the dent in the earth where a spring arises. In reference to the "hollow" in a baby's skull, it is first recorded 1741.
muscle (n.): late 14c., from Middle French muscle "muscle, sinew" (14c.) and directly from Latin musculus "a muscle," literally "little mouse," diminutive of mus "mouse" (see mouse (n.)).

So called because the shape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice. The analogy was made in Greek, too, where mys is both "mouse" and "muscle," and its comb. form gives the medical prefix myo-. Compare also Old Church Slavonic mysi "mouse," mysica "arm;" German Maus "mouse; muscle," Arabic 'adalah "muscle," 'adal "field mouse." In Middle English, lacerte, from the Latin word for "lizard," also was used as a word for a muscle.
Musclez & lacertez bene one selfe þing, Bot þe muscle is said to þe fourme of mouse & lacert to þe fourme of a lizard. [Guy de Chauliac, "Grande Chirurgie," c. 1425]
Hence muscular and mousy are relatives, and a Middle English word for "muscular" was lacertous, "lizardy." Figurative sense of "force, violence, threat of violence" is 1930, American English. Muscle car "hot rod" is from 1969.
muscled (adj.): "having muscles (of a particular type)," 1640s, from muscle (n.).
muscular (adj.): 1680s, "pertaining to muscles," from Latin musculus (see muscle (n.)) + -ar. Earlier in same sense was musculous (early 15c.). Meaning "having well-developed muscles" is from 1736. Muscular Christianity (1857) is originally in reference to philosophy of Anglican clergyman and novelist Charles Kingsley (1819-1875). Muscular dystrophy attested from 1886.
musculature (n.): "system of muscles," 1875, from French musculature, from Latin musculus (see muscle (n.)).
musculo-: word-forming element meaning "involving or pertaining to muscles," from comb. form of Latin musculus "muscle" (see muscle (n.)).
oblique (adj.): early 15c., from Middle French oblique (14c.) and directly from Latin obliquus "slanting, sidelong, indirect," from ob "against" (see ob-) + root of licinus "bent upward," from PIE root *lei- "to bend, be movable" (see limb (n.1)). As a type of muscles, in reference to the axis of the body, 1610s (adj.), 1800 (n.). Related: Obliquely; obliqueness.
psoas (n.): 1680s, from Greek psoa (plural psoai) "muscles of the loins." Related: Psoitis.
Gk. [psoas], the gen. of the feminine noun [psoa], was mistaken by the French anatomist Jean Riolan (1577-1657) for the nom. of a (nonexistent) masculine noun. It was he who introduced this erroneous form into anatomy." [Klein]
rigor mortis: "stiffening of the body caused by contraction of muscles after death," 1837, from Latin rigor "stiffness" (see rigor) + mortis, genitive of mors "death" (see mortal).
shampoo (v.): 1762, "to massage," from Anglo-Indian shampoo, from Hindi champo, imperative of champna "to press, knead the muscles," perhaps from Sanskrit capayati "pounds, kneads." Meaning "wash the hair" first recorded 1860; extended 1954 to carpets, upholstery, etc. Related: Shampooed; shampooing.
six (n.): Old English siex, six, sex, from Proto-Germanic *sekhs (cognates: Old Saxon and Danish seks, Old Norse, Swedish, and Old Frisian sex, Middle Dutch sesse, Dutch zes, Old High German sehs, German sechs, Gothic saihs), from PIE *s(w)eks (cognates: Sanskrit sas, Avestan kshvash, Persian shash, Greek hex, Latin sex, Old Church Slavonic sesti, Polish sześć, Russian shesti, Lithuanian szeszi, Old Irish se, Welsh chwech).

Six-shooter, usually a revolver with six chambers, is first attested 1844; six-pack of beverage containers is from 1952, of abdominal muscles by 1995. Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other "little difference" is recorded from 1833. Six-figure in reference to hundreds of thousands (of dollars, etc.) is from 1840. Six feet under "dead" is from 1942.

Phrase at sixes and sevens originally was "hazarding all one's chances," first in Chaucer, perhaps from dicing (the original form was on six and seven); it could be a corruption of on cinque and sice, using the French names (which were common in Middle English) for the highest numbers on the dice. Meaning "at odds, in disagreement or confusion" is from 1785, perhaps via a notion of "left unsettled."
tetanus (n.): infectious disease, late 14c., from Latin tetanus "tetanus," from Greek tetanos "tetanus, muscular spasm," literally "a stretching, tension," from teinein "to stretch" (see tenet); "so called because the disease is characterized by violent spasms and stiffness of the muscles" [Barnhart]. Related: Tetanoid (adj.).
washboard (n.): also wash-board, clothes-cleaning device, 1882, from wash (v.) + board (n.1). As a percussion instrument, attested from 1925; in reference to abdominal muscles, recorded from 1950 in boxing jargon.
hamate: "A carpal bone situated on the lower outside edge of the hand. It has a hook-shaped projection on the palmar side to which muscles of the little finger are attached", Early 18th century: from Latin hamatus 'hooked', from hamus 'hook'.
obturator: "Either of two muscles covering the outer front part of the pelvis on each side and involved in movements of the thigh and hip", Early 18th century: from medieval Latin, literally 'obstructor', from obturare 'stop up'.
hypoglossal nerve: "Each of the twelfth pair of cranial nerves, supplying the muscles of the tongue", Mid 19th century: hypoglossal from hypo- 'under' + Greek glōssa 'tongue' + -al.
pectoralis: "Any of the major pectoral muscles in tetrapods; specifically = pectoralis major", Early 17th cent.; earliest use found in Helkiah Crooke (1576–1648), physician and anatomist. From post-classical Latin pectoralis, use as noun (short for pectoralis musculus) of classical Latin pectorālis, adjective.
latissimus: "Either of a pair of large, roughly triangular muscles covering the lower part of the back, extending from the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae to the armpits", Early 17th century: modern Latin, from musculus latissimus dorsi, literally 'broadest muscle of the back'.
teres: "Either of two muscles passing below the shoulder joint from the scapula to the upper part of the humerus, one ( teres major) drawing the arm towards the body and rotating it inwards, the other ( teres minor) rotating it outwards", Early 18th century: modern Latin, from Latin, literally 'rounded'.
pleurodynia: "Severe pain in the muscles between the ribs or in the diaphragm", Early 19th century: from pleuro- 'of the pleura' + Greek odunē 'pain'.
rectus: "Any of several straight muscles, in particular", Early 18th century: from Latin, literally 'straight'.
cricoarytenoid: "Of or relating to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages; especially designating either of a pair of muscles (lateral and posterior) which originate from the cricoid and insert on to the thyroid cartilage, and serve to adduct and abduct the vocal folds", Mid 18th cent. From crico- + arytenoid, after post-classical Latin cricoarytaenoideus, cricoarytaenoides.
splenius: "Either of two muscles attached to the vertebrae in the neck and upper back which draw back the head", Mid 18th century: modern Latin, from Greek splēnion 'bandage'.
orthoptics: "The study or treatment of irregularities of the eyes, especially those of the eye muscles that prevent normal binocular vision", Late 19th century: from ortho- 'correct' + Greek optikos (see optic).