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- beating (n.)



[beating 词源字典] - c. 1200, beatunge "action of inflicting blows," verbal noun from beat (v.). Meaning "pulsation" is recorded from c. 1600.[beating etymology, beating origin, 英语词源]
- cheating (n.)




- "deceptiveness, swindling," 1530s, verbal noun from cheat (v.).
- heating (n.)




- "action of making hot," late 14c., verbal noun from heat (v.).