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dose [dose 词源字典]: dose: [15] A dose is literally ‘that which is given to one’ – etymologically and semantically, it is a parallel formation to donation. It comes via French dose and late Latin dosis from Greek dósis, a derivative of the verb didónai ‘give’ (which is related to English date, donate, etc). It originally meant simply ‘giving, gift’, but was used by Greek physicians such as Galen for ‘portion of medicine administered’, and it is that application that has proved most durable. The modern slang sense ‘venereal infection’ dates from just before World War I.
=> date, donate[dose etymology, dose origin, 英语词源]
doss: doss: [18] The use of doss in senses associated with ‘lying down on a bed’ comes from an earlier notion of ‘lying on one’s back’. In the 18th century the word was dorse, a borrowing from Latin dorsum ‘back’, but by the 19th century it had become doss, perhaps owing to the influence of French dos. Other English words from the same source include endorse, the adjective dorsal [15], and dossier [19]. This was acquired from French dossier, a derivative of dos, which originally signified a ‘bunch of papers with a label on the back’.
=> dorsal, dossier, endorse
kaleidoscope: kaleidoscope: [19] Greek kalós meant ‘beautiful’ (it was related to Sanskrit kalyāna ‘beautiful’). It has given English a number of compound words: calligraphy [17], for instance, etymologically ‘beautiful writing’, callipygian [18], ‘having beautiful buttocks’, and callisthenics [19], literally ‘beauty and strength’. The Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster used it, along with Greek eidos ‘shape’ and the element -scope denoting ‘observation instrument’, to name a device he invented in 1817 for looking at rotating patterns of coloured glass – a ‘beautiful-shape viewer’.
=> calligraphy, callisthenics
aldosterone (n.): isolated 1953, named with -one + elements of aldehyde, sterol.
Barbados: probably from Portuguese las barbados "the bearded;" the island so called because vines or moss hung densely from the trees. An inhabitant was called a Barbadian (1732).
dosage (n.): 1867; see dose + -age, perhaps on model of French dosage (1812).
dose (n.): early 15c., "the giving of medicine (in a specified amount or at a stated time)," from Middle French dose (15c.) or directly from Late Latin dosis, from Greek dosis "a portion prescribed," literally "a giving," used by Galen and other Greek physicians to mean an amount of medicine, from stem of didonai "to give" (see date (n.1)). Slang meaning "venereal disease" is from 1914.
dose (v.): 1650s, from dose (n.). Related: Dosed; dosing.
dossier (n.): 1880, from French dossier "bundle of papers," from dos "back" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin dossum, variant of Latin dorsum "back" (see dorsal). Supposedly so called because the bundle bore a label on the back, or possibly from resemblance of the bulge in a mass of bundled papers to the curve of a back. Old French dossiere meant "back-strap, ridge strap (of a horse's harness)."
endoscopy (n.): 1861, from endo- + -scopy.
endoskeleton (n.): 1838, from endo- + skeleton.
endosperm (n.): 1819, perhaps from German, from endo- + sperm.
endospore (n.): 1859, perhaps from French, from endo- + spore.
kaleidoscope (n.): 1817, literally "observer of beautiful forms," coined by its inventor, Scottish scientist David Brewster (1781-1868), from Greek kalos "beautiful" (see Callisto) + eidos "shape" (see -oid) + -scope, on model of telescope, etc. They sold by the thousands in the few years after their invention, but Brewster failed to secure a patent.

Figurative meaning "constantly changing pattern" is first attested 1819 in Lord Byron, whose publisher had sent him one of the toys. As a verb, from 1891. A kaleidophone (1827) was invented by English physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) to make sound waves visible.
kaleidoscopic (adj.): 1820, from kaleidoscope + -ic. Figurative use by 1855.
kudos (n.): "fame, renown," 1799, probably originally in university slang, from Greek kydos "glory, fame," especially in battle, literally "that which is heard of," from PIE root *skeue- "to pay attention, perceive" (see caveat). A singular noun in Greek, but the final -s often is mistaken as a plural suffix in English, leading to the barbarous back-formation kudo (attested by 1936).
lordosis (n.): curvature of the spine, 1704, Modern Latin, from Greek lordosis, from lordos "bent backwards." Related: Lordotic.
overdose (n.): 1700, "an excessive dose," from over- + dose (n.).
overdose (v.): 1727, "to administer medicine in too large a dose" (transitive); from 1968 as "to take an overdose of drugs;" see over- + dose (v.). Related: Overdosed; overdosing.
parados (n.): "rear wall of a trench," 1917, earlier "elevation behind a fortified place" (1853), literally "defense from the back," from French parados, from para- "defense" (see para- (2)) + dos "back" (see dossier).
reredos (n.): "screen behind an altar," late 14c., from Anglo-French rere-, archaic comb. form of rear (n.), + dos "back" (see dossier). Klein's sources suggest it is aphetic of Anglo-French areredos, from Old French arere "at the back" (Modern French arrière).
sarcoidosis (n.): 1936, from sarcoid + -osis.
sigmoidoscopy (n.): 1896, from sigmoid + -scopy, with connective -o-.
Theodosia: fem. proper name, from Greek Theodosia, literally "gift of the gods," from theos "god" (see theo-) + dosis "a giving," from stem of didonai "to give" (see date (n.1)).
tournedos (n.): fillet of steak dish, 1877, from French, from tourner "to turn" (see turn (v.)) + dos "back." According to French etymologists, "so called because the dish is traditionally not placed on the table but is passed behind the backs of the guests" [OED]. But there are other theories.
dosh: "Money", 1950s: of unknown origin.
adosculation: "Impregnation or fertilization of an animal by the external contact of genital orifices, without intromission. Also: †fertilization of plants by pollination ( obsolete ). Also figurative and in extended use: mouth-to-mouth kissing. Now rare", Late 17th cent.; earliest use found in Nehemiah Grew (a1641–1712), botanist and physician. From post-classical Latin adosculat-, past participial stem of adosculari to keep on kissing + -ion.
median lethal dose: "The dose of a drug or of ionizing radiation that kills 50 per cent of test subjects; symbol LD50", 1920s.
proctosigmoidoscope: "An instrument for the visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon; a proctoscope", 1920s.
dosa: "(In southern Indian cooking) a pancake made from rice flour and ground pulses, typically served with a spiced vegetable filling", From Tamil tōcai.
proctosigmoidoscopy: "Visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon; use of a proctosigmoidoscope; an instance of this", 1930s; earliest use found in American Journal of Surgery.